Ben Hubbard and Rick Gladstone

The Tunisian state news agency reported his death. He had been treated for prostate cancer and was hospitalized last week.

His death came four days after Tunisians voted in their second free presidential elections since his ouster, further solidifying their nation’s status as the purest direct democracy in the Arab world.

Ben Ali was the first of the autocrats to be ousted in the uprisings that roiled the Middle East nearly nine years ago. He fled Tunisia with his family in January 2011 for Saudi Arabia, where the ruling monarchy allowed him to live quietly, rejecting Tunisian requests for his extradition to stand trial at home.

Six months after he fled, a Tunisian court sentenced him and his wife, Leila Trabelsi, to 35 years in prison and a $66 million fine after a trial in absentia for embezzlement and corruption.

He was also accused of possessing illicit drugs, guns and purloined archaeological treasures in his palaces, as well as ordering the killings of those who opposed his 23-year grip on power.

His lavish lifestyle, as many Tunisians struggled economically, was widely regarded as a major catalyst of the Arab Spring protests that would later embroil Egypt, Syria, Libya, Bahrain and Yemen.

His disregard for the plight of fellow citizens was embedded in history when a fruit seller named Mohamed Bouazizi immolated himself after a confrontation with police, setting off the protests that toppled Ben Ali.

While few Tunisians miss his rule, many acknowledge that life has gotten more difficult since the revolution, with high unemployment and inflation hurting Tunisian families and jihadi attacks damaging the country’s vital tourist sector.

Ben Ali was born in 1936 in the town of Hammam-Sousse, while Tunisia was still a French protectorate. He studied at military academies in France and the United States and served in the Tunisian military after the country’s first president, Habib Bourguiba, won independence from France in 1956.

Ben Ali held a number of top security positions during the 1970s and ‘80s before being named the Tunisian ambassador to Poland. In 1984, he was summoned home to quash a series of bread riots.

That led to his appointment as interior minister and then prime minister in 1987. Less than three weeks later, he brought in a team of doctors to declare Bourguiba senile and unfit to rule. Bourguiba’s removal made Ben Ali president.

He consolidated power in Tunisia as Algeria, his small North African nation’s neighbor to the west, descended into civil war, and as Libya, neighboring on the east, was dominated by strongman Moammar Gadhafi.

Ben Ali, by contrast, appeared at the time to be a reformer, speaking of opening up the economy and making progress toward democracy. He abolished the title of “president for life,” which his predecessor had used, and limited presidential terms to three. He also launched initiatives to expand the social security net and promote education and women’s rights.

“I needed to reestablish the rule of law,” Ben Ali said in an interview with a French television station after taking power. “The president was ill, and his inner circle was harmful.”

But once in office, he built a police state that crushed all forms of dissent and nurtured a cult of personality. Photos of Ben Ali — his hair jet black, his face unlined, his body cloaked in dark suits — were ubiquitous, on billboards and in classrooms and government offices throughout the country.

In his first 10 years in power, Tunisia experienced economic growth as a result of widespread restructuring supported by international institutions. But the expansion paved the way for corruption, in which Ben Ali’s relatives were seen to be the most prominent beneficiaries.

His wife, Trabelsi, had been working as a hairdresser when he met her, and she gave birth to their first daughter while he was still married to someone else. He married Trabelsi after coming to power, and she became the focus of great hatred by many Tunisians for her extravagant lifestyle and promotion of her relatives.

In private, Tunisians complained that their country had become a mafia state, run by “the family.” It was understood which family that was.

“Even the police report to the family!” one Tunisian complained to an American diplomat in 2008 in a cable later released by WikiLeaks.

“With those at the top believed to be the worst offenders, and likely to remain in power, there are no checks in the system,” the diplomat wrote.

Ben Ali’s promised democratic reforms never happened. He organized Tunisia’s first multicandidate presidential election in 1999 — and he handily won, with more than 99% of the vote.

Three years later, he held a referendum that allowed him to serve a fourth term; he ultimately did away with term limits altogether.

His rule faced an unexpected threat in 2010 when Bouazizi, an unknown fruit seller in a poor Tunisian town, set himself on fire after a confrontation with police. The funeral of the fruit seller grew into a series of antigovernment protests that chased Ben Ali into exile in January 2011.

His ouster inspired young people across the Arab world, and similar protests soon erupted in Egypt, Libya, Bahrain and Yemen. In the succeeding years, three other longtime Arab strongmen were pushed from power, while Syria, Yemen and Libya collapsed into war.

Saudi Arabia’s ruling monarchy protected Ben Ali from extradition while he was prosecuted in absentia in Tunisia’s judicial system. In 2012, he was sentenced to life in prison for his role in the killings during the uprising.

He all but disappeared from public view in his later years, with the exception of a few social media posts by one of his sons. One showed him sitting on a couch in a white shirt and glasses. Another showed him in striped pajamas sitting behind a model skeleton.

He is survived by Trabelsi, along with their three children and three children from a previous marriage. His family’s lawyer, Mounir Ben Salha, said Ben Ali would be buried in Saudi Arabia.

This article originally appeared in

Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, Tunisia Autocrat Ousted in Arab Spring, Dies at 83

Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, Tunisia’s former autocratic president whose extravagant life and oppressive rule inspired the first Arab Spring revolts of 2011, died Thursday in exile in Saudi Arabia. He was 83.

The death of Ben Ali came four days after Tunisians voted in their second free presidential elections since his ouster, further solidifying their nation’s status as the purest direct democracy in the Arab world.

Ben Ali was the first of the autocrats to be ousted in the uprisings that roiled the Middle East nearly nine years ago. He fled Tunisia with his family in January 2011 for Saudi Arabia, where the ruling monarchy allowed him to live quietly and rejected Tunisian requests for his extradition to stand trial at home.

He also was accused of possessing illicit drugs, guns and purloined archaeological treasures in his palaces, as well as ordering the killings of those who opposed his 23-year grip on power.

His lavish lifestyle, as many Tunisians struggled economically, is widely regarded as a major catalyst of the Arab Spring protests that would later embroil Egypt, Syria, Libya, Bahrain and Yemen.

Ben Ali’s disregard for the plight of fellow citizens was embedded in history when a fruit seller named Mohamed Bouazizi immolated himself after a confrontation with the police, setting off the protests that toppled him.

That led to his appointment as interior minister and then prime minister in 1987. Less than three weeks later, he brought in a team of doctors to declare Bourguiba senile and unfit to rule. His removal made Ben Ali president.

He consolidated power in Tunisia as the small North African nation’s neighbor to the west, Algeria, descended into civil war, and its neighbor to the east, Libya, was dominated by strongman Moammar Gadhafi.

Ben Ali, by contrast, appeared at the time to be a reformer, speaking of opening up the economy and making progress toward democracy. He abolished the title of “President for Life” that his predecessor had used, and limited presidential terms to three while launching initiatives to expand the social security net and promote education and women’s rights.

“I needed to re-establish the rule of law,” he said in an interview with a French television station after taking power. “The president was ill and his inner circle was harmful.”

His first 10 years in power saw a widespread economic restructuring supported by international institutions, which brought Tunisia economic growth. But economic expansion paved the way for widespread corruption, in which his relatives were seen to be the most prominent beneficiaries.

His wife, Trabelsi, had been working as a hairdresser when he met her and she gave birth to their first daughter while he was still married to someone else. He married her after coming to power, and she became the focus of great hatred by many Tunisians for her extravagant lifestyle and promotion of her relatives.

In private, Tunisians complained that their country had become a mafia state, run by “the Family.” It was understood which family that was.

“Even the police report to the Family!” one Tunisian complained to an American diplomat in 2008 in a cable later released by WikiLeaks.

Three years later, he held a referendum that allowed him to serve a fourth term, and later did away with term limits altogether.

His rule faced an unexpected threat in 2010 when Bouazizi, an unknown fruit seller in a poor Tunisian town, set himself on fire after a confrontation with the police. The funeral of the fruit seller grew into a series of antigovernment protests that chased Ben Ali into exile in January 2011.

His ouster inspired young people across the Arab world, and similar protests soon erupted in Egypt, Libya, Bahrain and Yemen. In the coming years, three other longtime Arab strongmen would be pushed from power, while Syria, Yemen and Libya would collapse into war.

Saudi Arabia’s ruling monarchy protected Ben Ali from extradition while he was prosecuted in absentia in Tunisia’s judicial system. In 2012, he was sentenced to life in prison for his role in the deaths of those killed during the uprising.

He rarely appeared in public in his later years, with the exception of a few social media posts by one of his sons. One showed him sitting on a couch in a white shirt and glasses. Another showed him in striped pajamas sitting behind a model skeleton.

Ben Ali was being treated for prostate cancer and was hospitalized last week. His family’s lawyer, Mounir Ben Salha, said he would be buried in Saudi Arabia.

He is survived by Trabelsi, his wife, their three children and three children from a previous marriage.

Tunisia's Ben Ali, Autocrat Who Inspired Arab Spring Revolts, Dies in Exile

Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, Tunisia’s former autocratic president whose extravagant life and oppressive rule inspired the first Arab Spring revolts of 2011, died on Thursday in exile in Saudi Arabia, the Tunisian state news agency reported. He was 83.

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Ben Hubbard and Rick Gladstone

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Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, Tunisia Autocrat Ousted in Arab Spring, Dies at 83

Tunisia's Ben Ali, Autocrat Who Inspired Arab Spring Revolts, Dies in Exile